Factitive verbs

Factitive verbs can be formed from any verb except verbs in the passive voice. 

The factitive is formed by means of the following suffixes: -dır, -der, -tır, -ter:

🔸-dır, -der is joined to:

a) All monosyllabic verb stems ending in -i, -u, or the diphthongs -ay, -oy, -uy, -ıy, -əy, -öy:

ki (dress) – kider (make, cause to dress)

yu (wash) – yudır (make wash)

cıy (gather, collect) – cıydır (cause to gather, collect)

b) Most verb stems ending in -l or -n and a number of verb stems ending in a voiced consonant other than -l or -n:

köl (laugh) – kölder (make laugh)

men ( get on, climb on, mount) – mender (cause / help to mount; lift up)

yaz (write) – yazdır (cause to write)

🔸-tır, -ter is attached to verb stems ending in a voiceless consonant:

duslaş (become friends) – duslaştır (cause to become friends)

könləş (be jealous) – könləşter (make jealous, cause to be jealous)

💡 Some verb stems with final -l form the factitive with -tır, -ter, instead of with the regular -dır, -der. The -l of the stem is then dropped. 

ül (die) – üter, not ülder (kill)

kil (come) – kiter, not kilder (bring) 

tul (fill) – tutır, not tuldır (fill, make full)

🔸 -ar, -ər is attached to only a limited number of verb stems: 

çıq (go, come out) – çığar (make come out; take out)

qayt (return, come back) – qaytar (return, give back)

🔸 -ğar, -gər, -ğaz, -gəz, -qar, -kər, -qaz, -kəz, -ğır, -ger, -ğız, -gez, -qır, -ker, -qız, -kez are attached to a small number of verb stems ending in -r or -t and to some verbs ending in other consonants. 

men (climb, mount; rise) – menger or mengez (lift, raise)

yat (lie) – yatqır or yatqız (cause to lie down, lay (down))

🔸-sət: kür (see) – kürsət (show)

-t, -ıt, -et:

🔸-t is joined to verb stems of two or more syllables and ending in a vowel (except -u, -i) and to verb stems derived from adjectives using the suffixes -ay, -əy, -ar, -ər, -r

aşa (eat) – aşat (feed, make eat)

yaxşır (become better) – yaxşırt (make better, improve (trans.))

🔸-ıt, -et is joined to verb stems ending in -k, -q:

qurıq (be scared) – qurqıt (scare)

🔸-ır, -er is attached to a few verb stems ending in -ç, -ş, -t: 

qaç (hide / escape) – qaçır (hide (trans.) / let escape)

bet (end, finish, come to an end) – beter (end (trans.), finish (trans.), bring to an end)

peş (cook, bake) – peşer (cook, bake – trans.)

🔸 -dar, -dər, -tar, -tər is used with a few verb stems only: 

aw (fall down) – awdar (overturn)

qup (come off, detach itself; rise up) – quptar (tear off, pick off; raise)

🔸 -ız, -ez is used with a few verb stems ending in -m or -k/-z: 

tam (drip, dribble) – tamız (make or let drip, dribble)

im (suck) – imez (make or let suck, nurse)

aq (flow) – ağız (pour out, make flow)

Note: All factitive suffixes end in -r, -t, or -z.

💡 The factitive verb shows that one person or thing causes another to act. This can involve orders, requests, permission, or presenting opportunities. If the factitive verb is derived from a transitive verb, the subject can be a separate word or part of the verb's ending. The agent of the action can also be a separate word or remain unspecified. When a separate word is used for the subject, it's in the nominative case, and for the agent of the action, it's in the dative case.

Mansur biremne dustına eşlәtte.

Mansur made his friend do the task.

🔶 Intransitive verb stems expanded with a factitive suffix exhibit varying degrees of factitive quality. These differences depend on their lexical meanings and the specific context within a sentence and can be classified into three main groups:

🔸Intransitive verb stems belonging to this group become factitive. For example: 

biye (dance) – biyet (make dance)

köl (laugh) – kölder (make laugh)

🔸The intransitive verb (doing something to oneself) stems expanded with a factitive suffix are converted into simple transitive verbs (doing something to sth/sb).

yan (burn (intrans.)) – yandır (burn (trans.), set fire to, light (for ex., lamp))

💡 To convert verbs of this group into factitive verbs (making sb do sth), a second factitive suffix must be added. If the first suffix ends in -r the second suffix is -t; if it ends in -z, -dır, -der is added, and if it ends in -t, it takes -tır, -ter. 

yan (burn (intrans.)) – yandır (burn (trans.), set fire to, light (for ex., lamp)) – yandırt (make burn, set fire to, light)

tul (fill) – tutır (fill (trans.)) – tutırt (cause to fill)

🔸Verbs of the third group can be both factitive and just transitive. For example: 

qayt (return, go, come back) – qaytar (cause to return, return (trans.), give back) 

utır (sit (down)) – utırt (cause to sit (down) OR plant)

💡 Reflexive verb stems ending in -n, -ın, -en taking a factitive suffix (mostly -dır, -der), become factitive or simple transitive verbs. In the latter case, they add a second factitive suffix -t to become factitive: 

kiyen (dress oneself, get dressed) – kiyender (help to dress, dress (trans.)) – kiyendert (cause to dress)

💡 Reciprocal verb stems ending in  -ş, -ış, -eş are converted into factitive verbs by joining the factitive suffix -tır, -ter to them. 

oçraşu (to meet each other) – oçraştıru (to cause to meet each other, to bring together, to confront)

💡 The suffix -ş, -ış, -eş may in turn be joined to verb stems expanded by a factitive suffix. 

art (increase (intrans.)) – arttır (make increase, raise) – arttırış (raise together)

peşer (cook, bake) – peşereş (cause to, help to cook, bake)

💡 Passive factitive verbs are formed by joining the passive suffix to the factitive stem: 

yazdır (cause to write) – yazdırıl (cause to be written)